Papillomas appear as pedunculated or sessile, white or normal colored cauliflower-like projections that arise from the mucosal surface. The most common site is the palate/uvula area followed by the tongue and lips. Of all sites, the soft palate is the most common and accounted for 20% of the lesions. The etiology remains unknown. Viral origin has always been suspect but studies are still inconclusive. Conservative surgical excision is the treatment of choice with rare recurrence. There is no evidence that papillomas are premalignant. This is a report of four cases of soft palate papilloma in patients of different Asian nationalities. In conclusion soft palate papilloma is more common than it is thought to be.

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Introduction: Velopharyngeal dysfunction following adenoidectomy is not uncommon. Incidence range from 1 per 1,500 to 1 per 10,000 patients. Children at risk can be identified including cleft palate, sub mucous cleft, and palatal hypotonia, but if it occurred in the absence of structural abnormalities, increased pharyngeal width or short soft palate has been proposed. Methods: The study included 227 children, 71 females and 156 males. Plain x-ray lateral view nasopharynx was done during pronouncing the vowel Eeee aiming to assess the degree of closure and the point of contact between the contracted soft palate and the adenoid pad. Children with cleft palate, bifid uvula , mythsenia gravis and congenital abnormality of the hard palate were excluded from the study Results: Thirteen patients out of 227 were included with a median age of 5.8 years having short functional length of the soft palate. Only 4 (1.7 %) among the studied patients developed velopharyngeal incompetence. All patients with short functional length of the soft palate demonstrate attachment to the adenoid anterior surface rather to others show posterior pharyngeal wall attachment. Results showed that there was an increased incidence of velopharyngeal incompetence with patients having short functional length of the soft palate. Conclusion: Plain x-ray lateral view nasopharynx during phonation of the vowel Eeee could be cheap and sensitive method in predicting velopharyngeal incompetence in children undergoing adenoidectomy.

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Unilateral tonsillar masses are common in children and are usually due to simple infection. However, underlying malignancy cannot be roled out specially when there are associated risk factors. We report a 10 years old boy with a large pedunculated tonsillar mass that turned out to be a benign hyperplasia. The literature will be reviewed.

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Background: Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is one of the most common chronic diseases, which is defined as an inflammation of the nose and paranasal sinuses. Computed tomography (CT) scan of paranasal sinuses has become mandatory for all patients undergoing functional endoscopic sinus surgery (FESS), which is, nowadays, regarded as the gold standard for treatment of CRS after a trial of medical treatment. Our aim in this study is to explore the risk factors and anatomical findings on CT scan of CRS patients who had recurrence after FESS in King Abdulaziz Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Methods: A retrospective chart review study was conducted in the section of otolaryngology head and neck surgery to assess the risk factors of patients with recurrent CRS after FESS. The study included all patients, who were adults 16 years of age and above of both genders that had FESS after a diagnosis of CRS between 2016 and 2018. Results: The study identified 257 patients with CRS, of which 38 (14.79%) patients had recurrence after FESS. Various risk factors were taken into consideration such as age, gender, airway and inflammatory autoimmune diseases, smoking, type of sinusitis, and anatomical variations and findings on CT scan. However, only fungal type of sinusitis was found to be a significant risk factor of a recurrent CRS. Anatomical findings on CT scan postoperatively were mucosal thickening, nasal polyps, nasal septum deviation, and obliterated osteomeatal complex. Conclusion: CRS patients were assessed for various risk factors of recurrent CRS. The overall incidence of recurrent CRS was 14.79%. Fungal rhinosinusitis was found to be a significant risk factor. The most common anatomical findings on CT scan postoperatively were mucosal thickening in paranasal sinuses followed by nasal polyps.

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Objective: The aim of the study is to determine the prevalence of hearing loss among newborn infants and to assess the effectiveness and utility of otoacoustic emission (OAE) as a screening tool to detect hearing impairment in newborns and the relationship between selected risk factors and hearing loss. Study Design: This study involved 3121 newborns delivered in a tertiary care center over a 3-year period, who were subjected to distortion product OAE (DPOAE) within 24–72 h of life; failed candidates underwent repeat DPOAE after 30 days. Infants failed the second DPOAE test and then underwent DPOAE and brain stem-evoked response audiometry (BERA) at 3 months of life. Results: 20.95% newborns failed the first screening test, 11.77% failed the second test, and 61.91% of these infants failed the third OAE test. Of the 26 infants who failed the third test, 15 had abnormal results on BERA. Overall, the prevalence of hearing loss was 0.48%. Conclusion: Implementation of a national universal newborn hearing screening program in India is the need of the hour, as early detection of hearing loss will aid early rehabilitation and better outcomes.

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Background: Filters and pose in selfies are becoming popular in Saudi Arabia. At the same time, there appears to be an increasing demand for cosmetic procedures in this country, suggesting that the two phenomena may be related. Objectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of filters and pose in selfies on the desire to seek cosmetic surgery in Saudi Arabia. Patients and Methods: A cross-sectional survey was randomly distributed among 653 Saudi residents aged 18–65 years (mean: 29.4 ± 10.9 years). About 25.1% of respondents were male (164 men) and 74.9% were female (489 women) from May to July 2018. The survey was used to determine if the participants have considered cosmetic surgery because of filters and pose in selfies. Results: Social media was used by 98.3% of participants, and selfies were taken by 93.4%. Further, 37.8% of those who took selfies wanted to undergo a cosmetic procedure because of selfies, with 85% of them being females. Moreover, 60% of our respondents who were interested in undergoing cosmetic surgeries were using filters, and 53.0% of them were preferred the frontal view when taking a selfie. Conclusion: Our study demonstrated an effect of filters and pose in selfies on the desire to seek cosmetic surgery in Saudi Arabia. Limitations: Our study included a small number of males and was limited to residents born in Saudi Arabia. Further studies with a larger sample of males and international cohorts are essential to evaluate the global effect of selfies on cosmetic procedures.

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Background: Measles-induced hearing loss is an otologic tragedy. In this study, we looked into the hypothesis that measles-induced hearing loss may exhibit specific pattern the knowledge of which may guide clinicians on its diagnosis and prevention among children. Objective: The objective of the study was to describe the pattern, diagnosis, and prevention of measles-induced hearing loss among children. Materials and Methods: This is a retrospective study of children with measles-induced hearing loss in two tertiary hospitals. Results: In all, 112 children with measles-induced hearing loss were studied. Majority (92.8%) were struck by the auditory shutdown at age 0.5–5 years. Most (87.5%) of the measles-induced hearing losses were sensorineural with 73.5% of them being profound, bilateral, and irreversible. Majority were not diagnosed early due to a lack of visible or palpable diagnostic features. Majority (70.5%) of the children were not vaccinated against measles. Features suggestive of encephalitis were commonly associated with the profound sensorineural hearing loss. About 10% concomitantly used ototoxic antibiotics at the acute stage of the measles infection. About 84% of the children were deaf and dumb. Conclusion: This study shows that measles-induced hearing loss often affects children around the age of speech acquisition leaving the victims deaf and dumb. Late diagnosis is characteristic of the auditory shutdown. The need to scale up effective antimeasles vaccination among children is hereby stressed. Routine postmeasles hearing assessment of victims is a practicable step to identify early those that require prompt rehabilitation with hearing aid or cochlear implant.

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Background And Objective: The voice handicap index-10 (VHI-10) questionnaire is widely used and is self-administered by the patient. It saves time for both patient and clinician as it is a 10-item questionnaire compared to the 30-item questionnaire in the original version of VHI. The purposes of the present study were to generate an Arabic version of the VHI-10, and to evaluate its validity, consistency, and reliability in normal and voice-disordered Arabic population. Setting And Design: This is a prospective study that has been carried out at Communication and Swallowing Disorders Unit, King Saud University. Subjects And Methods: The validated Arabic VHI-10 was administered to 100 patients with variable voice disorders and 165 control subjects. Internal consistency and test re-test reliability were evaluated. The results of the pathological and the control groups were compared. Results: The Arabic VHI-10 showed high internal consistency (Cronbach’s α = 0.88). Excellent test–retest reliability was found for the total scores of the Arabic VHI-10 (r = 0.920, P = 0.001). There was a significant difference between VHI-10 scores of the control and the voice disordered group (P < 0.001). Conclusion: This study demonstrated that Arabic VHI-10 is a valid tool for self-assessment of voice disorders that can be used by Arabic language speakers.

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Introduction: Thyroid disease is a common medical disorder. And thyroid cancer considered the second-most common cancer among the young Saudi females. Ultrasonography (US) and computed tomography (CT) are used in the diagnosis of thyroid nodules. However, US has its limitations, and CT scan is superior in detecting important details that would affect patient care and prevents possible complications. Objective: The study evaluates the benefits of CT scans implementation together with the US as a preoperative evaluation of any thyroid diseases which can improve thyroid patient care. Methodology: The retrospective study was conducted on a total of 207 patients, in a tertiary center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Results: A total of 207 patients with thyroid diseases who had both US and CT scan done despite thyroid surgery done or not (164 females and 43 males; mean age, 44.6 ± 14.5 years) were included in our study, and any patient with improper imaging protocol or poor US or CT image quality was excluded. From there, 207 patients, we had 88 patients with benign and 85 with malignant pathology (+34 patients no surgery done for them). The present study showed that US had better specificity and accuracy in the prediction of thyroid malignancy comparing to the CT scan. Furthermore, CT had a significant P < 0.05 in detecting extension to retrosternal or surrounding structures, major vessels involvement, tracheal compression, and pathological lymph node. Conclusions: CT scan of the neck is a useful technique in detecting additional details about the thyroid and surrounded tissues. This study suggests that preoperative CT scan implementations on top of US are positively associated with a good strategy of surgery, postoperative complication prevention, and to success the thyroid surgery in the Saudi population.

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Tonsillectomy, though a popular surgery, has now downsized to limited indications. Although rare, this surgery may cause trauma to the great vessels leading to life-threatening hemorrhage. The congenitally tortuous internal carotid artery (ICA) is an unusual but important anomaly, especially when it is situated in the tonsillar fossae. About 1%–16% of patients have a surgically vulnerable ICA manifested clinically. Here, we present the first reported case of carotid bulb in the right tonsillar fossa. A 7-year-old female child underwent tonsillectomy for obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. Intraoperatively, she was found to have a carotid bulb in both tonsillar fossae, right more prominent than left one. Computed tomography angiogram confirmed the presence of a prominent carotid bulb in the right tonsillar fossa at the C₂level. This case report highlights the importance of a heightened awareness of the anatomic variations of carotid artery, in particular, the carotid bulb. This is of critical significance for a safe tonsillectomy as well as any procedure performed in the oropharyngeal region.

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Vocal cord palsy is a common reason for visiting an otolaryngologist. In cases of unilateral involvement, patients primarily present with recurrent choking and aspiration, breathy voice, and inability to perform the Valsalva maneuver. Injection laryngoplasty (IL) is one of the least invasive and promising lines of treatment for unilateral vocal cord palsy (UVCP). The present study identified the existing evidence on factors that may affect the voice and swallowing outcomes of IL in adult patients with UVCP. This review was performed according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) statement and PRISMA checklist. The U.S. National Library of Medicine (PubMed) database was searched for studies on UVCP managed with IL. Sixteen articles investigated six distinct factors that affected the outcomes of IL. These six factors include early intervention, the approach used for injection, the degree of the posterior glottic gap, the number of irregular peaks, previous radiation therapy history, and the material used for injection.: This review is the first study to investigate all of the possible factors that affect IL. This review found six distinct factors that affected the outcomes of IL. Each of the retrieved studies investigated a different factor without considering the confounding effect of the other factors. This review guides future research for the development of a much more structured protocol to elucidate the weight of each factor in affecting outcomes.

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Background: The most common critical complication after thyroidectomy is vocal cord dysfunction. The leading cause of that problem is injury to the recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN). Materials and Methods: A retrospective cohort study was applied to 266 patients who underwent thyroidectomy procedures at King Abdullah Medical City between the years of 2011 and 2018. Patients with preexisting vocal cord abnormalities and neurological conditions affecting the voice or swallowing ability were excluded. Data were analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) (IBM SPSS Statistics V21.0). Results: Out of the 266 patients, the incidence of RLN injury was significantly higher if the patient had a previous thyroid surgery, especially among cancer patients (30.4% in cancer vs. 9.2% in noncancer, P = 0.001). Patients who presented with postoperative vocal complications were only five; four of them developed temporary unilateral vocal cord palsy (1.6%) and were managed with speech therapy, however, one patient had a permanent bilateral vocal cord palsy (0.4%) that was managed with tracheostomy and laser vocal cordotomy. Conclusion: The incidence of vocal cord complication due to thyroidectomies was comparatively rare. Thyroid complications were present more in cancer patients.

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Introduction: Presbycusis or age-related sensorineural hearing loss (ARSNHL) is a complex disorder that results in a slow deterioration in auditory function. A considerable high number of these presbycusis or ARSNHL patients also suffer from dizziness and related vestibular symptoms. Although auditory and vestibular systems are distinct, they work just alike. Hence, there is a great relation among their functions. Once one is stimulated, the other suffers changes as well. Methodology: Participants in this study comprised forty adult patients (60–75 years) divided into two groups: control group with normal hearing and without any vestibular symptoms or diagnosed vestibular diseases and study group with mild-to-moderately severe sensorineural hearing loss with or without dizziness in the form of a sense of imbalance during walking or a sense of rotation of the surrounding, especially on sitting or standing from lying position. All patients in this study were without any history of noise exposure in their life. The audiological status was measured with pure-tone audiometry and auditory brainstem response (ABR). The vestibular system was assessed using videonystagmography test battery and cervical vestibular-evoked myogenic potential (cVEMP). Timed up and go test was used as a quick screening tool for detecting balance problems. ABR and cVEMP results of the groups were calculated and compared. Results: The absolute peak latencies of ABR wave I, III, and V were prolonged in the study group than that in the control group. Vestibular-evoked myogenic potential results showed that P13 and N23 latencies were prolonged and P13–N23 amplitude was decreased in the study group when compared to the control group. Conclusion: Thoughtful examination of the vestibular system, in conjunction with auditory functions in elderly persons, is recommended. This may help discover their subclinical vestibular problem and guide physicians to design a suitable treatment plan that helps in decreasing the risk of falls for aged persons.

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Background: The objective of this study was to evaluate the safety of preserving the submandibular gland in early-stage oral cavity cancer. Materials and Methods: We retrospectively collected the data for all patients who present with early-stage oral cavity cancer and underwent local wide excision with concomitant neck dissection over 8 years from 2008 to 2016 at two tertiary oncology centers in Saudi Arabia. Results: Forty-seven patients, comprising 26 males (55.3%) and 21 females (44.7%), were included in the study; the primary presentation, documented risk factors, and postoperative pathological results were evaluated. Conclusion: The present study showed that risk of submandibular gland metastasis in clinically early-stage oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma was almost nil.

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Background and Objectives: The middle ear cleft and the tympanum inflammation are defined as otitis media. The patient's use of headphones has been linked to aural hygiene issues and ear canal infections. Interestingly, there are not enough studies discussing the hazardous effects of prolonged use of headphones. This study aims to estimate the prevalence of ear infection among headphone users. Materials and Methodology: A cross-sectional study was conducted between February 2021 and December 2021 among 435 Saudi participants through a pretested questionnaire that was published using an online-based (electronic) form. The questionnaire included items related to pattern of hearing devices used among them and ear-related problems. This study includes all persons using earphones in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia whose native language is Arabic. Results: Experiencing ear-related problems is statistically significantly correlated with ear infection (P = 0.000), using both ears (P = 0.000), female gender (P = 0.009), being a student (P = 0.003), using the hearing device >120 min/day (P = 0.015); however, it is not statistically correlated with age, type of residency, or the type of device being used (P > 0.05). Conclusion: Increased usage of hearing devices and prolonged time of use can have detrimental effects on ear problems. These possible effects are statistically significantly correlated with young age, female gender, being a student, using the device for more than 120 min/day, using the device for more than 4 years, or having chronic diseases in the past.

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Objective: The aim is to study the prevalence of dead regions in the cochlea in hearing-impaired patients with different audiometric configurations and to study the speech discrimination scores in dead regions of the cochlea. Materials and Methods: Eighty participants, with age ranging from 18 to 50 years, were divided into control group (30 normal-hearing participants) and study group (50 patients suffering from sensorineural hearing loss). All participants in the study were submitted to the following: medical and audiological history, otological examination, basic audiological evaluation in the form of pure-tone audiometry and tympanometry, auditory brainstem response, and the threshold-equalizing noise (TEN) test. Results: Thirty-nine patients in the study group gave negative results of TEN test and 11 patients gave positive results of TEN test. Conclusions: The prevalence of dead regions of the cochlea in this study was 22%. Dead regions in the cochlea were more common in patients with sloping, long-standing hearing loss and in high frequencies.

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Introduction: The purpose of this prospective study was to evaluate microsurgical thyroidectomy by comparing it with traditional thyroidectomy. Material and Method: Before surgery, patients were assigned either to the microscopic thyroidectomy group (MT group), with the use of the surgical microscope, or the traditional thyroidectomy group (TT group), without the use of visual magnification. Aims and Objective: Outcome measures were operative time, intraoperative bleeding, and complication rates including injury to the recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN), the external branch of the superior laryngeal nerve (EBSLN), or the parathyroid glands. Result: Sixty patients underwent thyroid surgery (30 patients in the MT group and 30 patients in the TT group). The two groups were almost similar in age, sex, surgical procedures, and histological findings. There was no difference between the two techniques regarding the operative time and the amount of blood loss. Neither permanent nerve palsy nor persistent hypocalcemia occurred in either group. Transient nerve palsies (RLN and EBSLN) were lower in the MT group (3.3%) compared to the TT group (6.6%). Overall transient hypocalcemia was significantly lower in the MT group (3.3%) compared with the TT group (13.3%). If the population was restricted to total thyroidectomy, the rate of transient hypocalcemia was 1% in the MT group and 1% in the TT group, respectively. Conclusion: In conclusion, thyroid surgery with a microscope is significantly reduced the complication without increasing the operative time compare to without microscope.

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Objectives: The purpose of this report is to provide data on delayed facial palsy (DFP) after mastoid and middle ear surgery, and to discuss the possible etiology. Study Design and Setting: This is a retrospective report carried out at a university-based hospital Patients: The records of 1980 patients with normal facial function before mastoid and middle ear surgery were reviewed. Measures: Delayed facial palsy was defined as facial palsy occurring after the initial postoperative evaluation. Results: During the 6-year period from 1998 to 2003 consecutive mastoid and middle ear operations were reviewed. A total of 7 delayed facial palsies (DFP) were identified. All were incomplete and recovered completely following conservative treatment. The mechanism of DFP was not known in two cases , chorda tympani stretching in one case , iatrogenic facial exposure in two patients and herpes viral reactivation in two patients. Conclusion: DFP occurred in 0.35% after middle ear and mastoid operations. Several factors may contribute to DFP including chorda tympani injury,iatrogenic, infection, facial canal edema ,immune response and recently several reports suggesting strongly viral reactivation as one of the main causes of DFP.

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Objective: To assess patients’ satisfaction about cosmetic and functional outcomes of uncomplicated rhinoplasty and the consequent psychological impact Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried in adult patients (≥20 years), who underwent primary, functional/cosmetic rhinoplastic surgery at Al Mashfa hospital, Jeddah, before January 2015 (1 year of postoperative follow-up). Patients were contacted for an anonymous telephonic interview using a validated ^[1], semi-structured questionnaire investigating 7 postoperative satisfaction parameters. Results: Two hundred patients who underwent functional (13.5%), cosmetic (20.5%) or both functional and cosmetic (66.0%) rhinoplasty were included. Satisfaction analysis showed 48.0% satisfied rate. Female and divorced participants had lower satisfaction compared to their counterparts; and divorced women had lowest satisfaction score 28.33/100. Pre- to post-rhinoplasty assessments showed remarkable improvement in nose function (mean±SD=53.72±27.10 to 95.71±8.86; p<0.001), appearance (41.70±26.29 to 95.49±9.18; p<0.001) and patient’s mood (51.34±29.83 to 95.84±11.47; p<0.001), respectively. Change in mood was correlated with both change in function (r=0.412; OR [95%CI]=1.61 [1.39; 1.86]; p<0.001) and appearance (r=0.748; OR [95%CI]=2.30 [2.07; 2.55]; [p<0.001). Conclusion: Patients who underwent primary uncomplicated rhinoplasty have fair satisfaction about functional long-term outcomes but remain relatively dissatisfied esthetically; especially female, divorced and unemployed patients. The functional and cosmetic improvements have positive impact on the patient’s psychological wellbeing.

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Objectives: The objective of this study was to evaluate the incidence of various types of head and neck cancer in Jazan province, Saudi Arabia. Material and Methods: This was a prospective study of histologically confirmed cancer cases in Jizan, Saudi Arabia. One hundred and thirty two cases were histologically confirmed to have cancer in the head and neck region. Type of management for each case was also included. Results: The type of cancer which was more frequently seen among the studied sample was squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). Almost 61.3% of the patients were seen to be affected with SCC followed by thyroid cancer (21.2%). Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma was seen in (12.3%) of the cases, which was the most common site in the recorded data. Conclusion: Head and neck cancers are increasing in Jazan region. Oral and oropharyngeal cancers show the most significant rise due to smokless tobacoo, with implications for public health action and service provision.

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Background: The aim of this study is to evaluate the prevalence and clinical features of deviated nasal septum (DNS) among children under 14 years of age from the Najran region of Saudi Arabia. Materials and Methods: One thousand six hundred and eighty-one patients under 14 years of age were evaluated for DNS. They were divided into five age subgroups of <28 days, 29 days-3 years, 3–6 years, 6–12 years, and 12–14 years. The type of DNS according to Guyuron's classification and associated clinical features were recorded for each patient. Results: Nine hundred and ninety-one (59%) pediatric patients had DNS. Most DNS was found in the 12–14 years group (41%) and least in the <28 days group (9%). Class 1 DNS was maximum in the overall sample, <28 days and 29 days-3 years group. Class 2 DNS was maximum in 3–6 years and 6–12 years group. Class 6 DNS was maximum in the 12–14 years group. Statistically significant difference (P < 0.05) was found between <28 days and 6–12 years, <28 days to 12–14 years, 29 days-3 years to 12–14 years, and 3–6 years to 12–14 years age groups. Clinically in the overall sample, 66.3% had nasal obstruction, 35.6% had nasal discharge, 30.4% had external deformity, 15.5% had rhinitis, 12.6% had pain or headache, 12.34% had sore throat, and 11.6% had snoring. Conclusion: We found that 59% of the pediatric Najran population has DNS. Class I is the most common deformity and the incidence of DNS increases with age. Nasal obstruction and nasal discharge are the most common clinical features associated with DNS.

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Objectives: Performing septorhinoplasty surgery requires comprehensive knowledge of nasal morphology. The effect of racial differences on nasal bone morphology has gathered increasing interest. However, previous studies have primarily focused on the Western population with a few studies assessing the Middle Eastern participants. We aimed to provide itemized measurements of the nasal bone morphology as the baseline data for the Middle Eastern population. Study Design: This was a retrospective cross-sectional single-center study. Materials and Methods: We included patients who underwent maxillofacial computed tomography between February and August 2019 at King Fahad Hospital of University. The Kolmogorov–Smirnov test was used to check the assumption of data normality. The Mann–Whitney U-test and Student's t-test were used for nonsymmetrical and symmetrical variables, respectively. One-way analysis of variance was used for symmetrical data. Chi-square test was used to compare the categorical variables. Results: We included 276 cases. The mean right and right nasal bone length was significantly larger in men than in women. Moreover, patients with severe nasal septal deviation angle had significantly lower left and right medial bone thickness, as well as the internasal angle. Conclusion: There were significant between-sex differences in the nasal bone morphology. There was no side predilection for deviated nasal septum and nasal bone thickness. However, severe cases of deviated nasal septum presented a lower medial nasal bone thickness, which could be attributed to ethnic variations in the Middle Eastern population.

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Oral submucous fibrosis (OSMF) is a chronic and progressive disease where fibrous bands formed in the oral mucosa, resulting in severe restriction of movements of the jaw and also tongue. OSMF is one of the commonly seen potentially malignant disorders which can cause severe morbidity. It is prevalent in the Indian subcontinent. The exact etiology of OSMF is not known. Chronic irritation of the oral mucosa is thought to be the underlying etiology for OSMF. The common irritants are betel nut, tobacco, and chilies. The pathological changes not only affect mucosa and submucosa of the oral cavity and pharynx but also affect deeper parts with the involvement of underlying muscles. Atrophic and degenerative changes in the tubal and paratubal muscles of the eustachian tube, leading to eustachian tube dysfunctions. The eustachian tube dysfunction in OSMF results in different otological symptoms such as hearing impairment, otalgia, and fullness in the ear. Dysfunction of the eustachian tube in OSMF may be due to fibrosis in the palatal muscles, resulting in a conductive type of hearing loss. While treating OSMF, otological manifestations such as eustachian tube dysfunctions and hearing impairment have to be kept in mind and vice versa because managing hearing disability without taking care of OSMF will not be successful. All literature related to otological manifestations in OSMF were identified through Scopus, Google Scholar, Medline, and Pub Med and analyzed individually. This review article discusses the etiopathology, epidemiology, clinical manifestations, and management of the OSMF with otological manifestations.

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Tonsillectomy is a frequently performed surgical procedure by otolaryngologists. Patients' complaints of posttonsillectomy pain are unavoidable. Pain is a significant obstacle for rehabilitation of the patients following tonsillectomy and it influences the duration of the hospital stay and ability to revive for normal activity. The pain following tonsillectomy often affects oral intake, ability to return to their daily world, and discharge from the hospital. The relief of posttonsillectomy pain remains challenging and even controversial. Pain is common and intense in the posttonsillectomy period. Posttonsillectomy is one of the most common unpleasant side effects of tonsillectomy. There are several techniques and treatment methods available to get relief from posttonsillectomy pain. Although this area has received little scientific attention until now, the desire for alternatives to drug-based treatment for posttonsillectomy pain has continued to develop in recent years. Currently, pain following the posttonsillectomy period continues to be a highly debated issue and an area of active research. Throat pain in the posttonsillectomy period can result in significant morbidity among patients. There are different pharmacologic agents available; each one has its risk profile and side effects when used for controlling posttonsillectomy pain. However, here this reviews article discusses important nonpharmacological agents for the management of posttonsillectomy pain. This article reviews the epidemiology, pathophysiology, and details of nonpharmacological agents used for controlling posttonsillectomy pain.

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